[/
    Copyright (c) 2019-2024 Ruben Perez Hidalgo (rubenperez038 at gmail dot com)
   
    Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
    file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
]

[section:dynamic_interface The dynamic interface]
[nochunk]

To use the dynamic interface, use the [reflink results] class. `results` is
an in-memory representation of a resultset. We can depict it like this
(this is actually a simplified representation, since
[link mysql.multi_resultset some statements may return more than one resultset]).

[$mysql/images/results.svg [align center] [scale 125]]

We can see that [refmem results rows] returns a matrix-like object,
containing the retrieved rows. This section is dedicated on diving deeper
on how to use these objects.

[heading Rows and fields]

This matrix-like structure is composed of variant-like objects called ['fields].
Field objects are capable of representing any value retrieved from MySQL.

This library defines the following classes to work with rows and fields:

[variablelist
    [
        [[reflink field]]
        [The smallest unit of data. A single "cell" in a MySQL table. This is an owning, variant-like type.]
    ]
    [
        [[reflink field_view]]
        [Like `field`, but non-owning.]
    ]
    [
        [[reflink row]]
        [An owning, `vector`-like collection of fields.]
    ]
    [
        [[reflink row_view]]
        [Like `row`, but non-owning.]
    ]
    [
        [[reflink rows]]
        [An owning, matrix-like collection of fields. Represents several rows of the same size in an optimized way.]
    ]
    [
        [[reflink rows_view]]
        [Like `rows`, but non-owning.]
    ]
]

[refmem results rows] returns a [reflink rows_view] object. The memory for the rows is owned by the
`results` object. Indexing the returned view also returns view objects:

[dynamic_views]

Views behave similarly to `std::string_view`. You must make sure that you don't use a view after the
storage it points to has gone out of scope. In this case, you must not use any of the views after the
`results` object has gone out of scope.

As it happens with `std::string_view`, you can take ownership of a view using its owning counterpart:

[dynamic_taking_ownership]

[heading Using fields]

[reflink field] and [reflink field_view] are specialized variant-like types that can hold any type
you may find in a MySQL table. Once you obtain a field, you can access its contents using the following functions:

* You can query a field's type by using [refmemunq field_view kind],
  which returns a [reflink field_kind] enum.
* You can query whether a field contains a certain type with `field::is_xxx`.
* You can get the underlying value with `field::as_xxx` and `field::get_xxx`.
  The `as_xxx` functions are checked (they will throw an exception if the
  actual type doesn't match), while the `get_xxx` are unchecked (they result
  in undefined behavior on type mismatch).
* You can stream fields and compare them for equality.

For example:

[dynamic_using_fields]

`NULL` values are represented as field objects having `kind() == field_kind::null`.
You can check whether a value is `NULL` or not using [refmemunq field_view is_null].
This is how `NULL`s are typically handled:

[dynamic_handling_nulls]

[heading MySQL to C++ type mappings]

Every MySQL type is mapped to a single C++ type. The following table shows these mappings:

[table:accessors
    [
        [`field_kind`]
        [C++ type]
        [MySQL types]
        [`is` accessor]
        [`as` accessor]
        [`get` accessor]
    ]
    [
        [`int64`]
        [`std::int64_t`]
        [__TINYINT__, __SMALLINT__, __MEDIUMINT__, __INT__, __BIGINT__]
        [[refmemunq field_view is_int64]]
        [[refmemunq field_view as_int64]]
        [[refmemunq field_view get_int64]]
    ]
    [
        [`uint64`]
        [`std::uint64_t`]
        [Unsigned __TINYINT__, __SMALLINT__, __MEDIUMINT__, __INT__, __BIGINT__, __YEAR__, __BIT__]
        [[refmemunq field_view is_uint64]]
        [[refmemunq field_view as_uint64]]
        [[refmemunq field_view get_uint64]]
    ]
    [
        [`string`]
        [
            [reflink string_view] for `field_view`
            
            `std::string` for `field`
        ]
        [
            __CHAR__, __VARCHAR__, __TEXT__ (all sizes), __ENUM__, __SET__, __DECIMAL__, __NUMERIC__, __JSON__
        ]
        [[refmemunq field_view is_string]]
        [[refmemunq field_view as_string]]
        [[refmemunq field_view get_string]]
    ]
    [
        [`blob`]
        [
            [reflink blob_view] for `field_view`
            
            [reflink blob] for `field`
        ]
        [__BINARY__, __VARBINARY__,  __BLOB__  (all sizes), __GEOMETRY__]
        [[refmemunq field_view is_blob]]
        [[refmemunq field_view as_blob]]
        [[refmemunq field_view get_blob]]
    ]
    [
        [`float_`]
        [`float`]
        [__FLOAT__]
        [[refmemunq field_view is_float]]
        [[refmemunq field_view as_float]]
        [[refmemunq field_view get_float]]
    ]
    [
        [`double_`]
        [`double`]
        [__DOUBLE__]
        [[refmemunq field_view is_double]]
        [[refmemunq field_view as_double]]
        [[refmemunq field_view get_double]]
    ]
    [
        [`date`]
        [[reflink date]]
        [__DATE__]
        [[refmemunq field_view is_date]]
        [[refmemunq field_view as_date]]
        [[refmemunq field_view get_date]]
    ]
    [
        [`datetime`]
        [[reflink datetime]]
        [__DATETIME__, __TIMESTAMP__]
        [[refmemunq field_view is_datetime]]
        [[refmemunq field_view as_datetime]]
        [[refmemunq field_view get_datetime]]
    ]
    [
        [`time`]
        [[reflink time]]
        [__TIME__]
        [[refmemunq field_view is_time]]
        [[refmemunq field_view as_time]]
        [[refmemunq field_view get_time]]
    ]
    [
        [`null`]
        []
        [Any of the above, when they're `NULL`]
        [[refmemunq field_view is_null]]
        []
        []
    ]
]

No character set conversion is applied on strings. They are provided
as the server sends them. If you've run [refmemunq any_connection async_set_character_set],
strings will be encoded according to the passed character set. For details, see [link mysql.charsets this section].

[heading The field class]

[reflink field_view] is to [reflink field] what `std::string_view` is to `std::string`.

`field_view`s are cheap to create and to copy, as they are small objects and don't perform
any memory allocations. They are also immutable. On the other hand, `field`s may be more
expensive to create and copy, as they may perform memory allocations. `field`s are mutable.

`field` and `field_view` use the same underlying types for scalars. For strings and blobs,
`field` uses the owning types `std::string` and [reflink blob], while `field_view` uses the
reference types [reflink string_view] and [reflink blob_view].

`field` accessors return references, which allow you to mutate the underlying object:

[dynamic_field_accessor_references]

You can also mutate a `field` using the assignment operator. This allows you to also
change the underlying type of a `field`:

[dynamic_field_assignment]

[heading Multi-resultset and multi-function operations]

You can use both with the dynamic interface. Please refer to the sections
on [link mysql.multi_resultset multi-resultset operations] and
[link mysql.multi_function multi-function operations] for more information.

[heading MySQL to C++ type mapping reference]

The following table reflects mapping from database types to C++ types.
The range column shows the range of values that MySQL admits for that type. This library
guarantees that any field retrieved from the database honors that range. The `column_type`
column shows what [refmem metadata type] would return for a column of that type.

[table:dynamic_field_mappings
    [
        [MySQL type]
        [`field_kind`]
        [C++ type]
        [Range]
        [`column_type`]
        [Considerations]
    ]
    [
        [__TINYINT__]
        [`int64`]
        [`std::int64_t`]
        [`-0x80` to `0x7f`]
        [`tinyint`]
        [1 byte integer]
    ]
    [
        [__TINYINT__ `UNSIGNED`]
        [`uint64`]
        [`std::uint64_t`]
        [`0` to `0xff`]
        [`tinyint`]
        [1 byte integer]
    ]
    [
        [__SMALLINT__]
        [`int64`]
        [`std::int64_t`]
        [`-0x8000` to `0x7fff`]
        [`smallint`]
        [2 byte integer]
    ]
    [
        [__SMALLINT__ `UNSIGNED`]
        [`uint64`]
        [`std::uint64_t`]
        [`0` to `0xffff`]
        [`smallint`]
        [2 byte integer]
    ]
    [
        [__MEDIUMINT__]
        [`int64`]
        [`std::int64_t`]
        [`-0x800000` to `0x7fffff`]
        [`mediumint`]
        [3 byte integer]
    ]
    [
        [__MEDIUMINT__ `UNSIGNED`]
        [`uint64`]
        [`std::uint64_t`]
        [`0` to `0xffffff`]
        [`mediumint`]
        [3 byte integer]
    ]
    [
        [__INT__]
        [`int64`]
        [`std::int64_t`]
        [`-0x80000000` to `0x7fffffff`]
        [`int_`]
        [4 byte integer]
    ]
    [
        [__INT__ `UNSIGNED`]
        [`uint64`]
        [`std::uint64_t`]
        [`0` to `0xffffffff`]
        [`int_`]
        [4 byte integer]
    ]
    [
        [__BIGINT__]
        [`int64`]
        [`std::int64_t`]
        [`-0x8000000000000000` to `0x7fffffffffffffff`]
        [`bigint`]
        [8 byte integer]
    ]
    [
        [__BIGINT__ `UNSIGNED`]
        [`uint64`]
        [`std::uint64_t`]
        [`0` and `0xffffffffffffffff`]
        [`bigint`]
        [8 byte integer]
    ]
    [
        [__YEAR__]
        [`uint64`]
        [`std::uint64_t`]
        [\[`1901`, `2155`\], plus zero]
        [`year`]
        [
            1 byte integer type used to represent years

            Zero is often employed to represent invalid year values. We represent zero year as a numeric 0.
        ]
    ]
    [
        [__BIT__]
        [`uint64`]
        [`std::uint64_t`]
        [Depends on the bitset width. Max `0` to `0xffffffffffffffff`.]
        [`bit`]
        [
            A bitset between 1 and 64 bits wide.
        ]
    ]
    [
        [__FLOAT__]
        [`float_`]
        [`float`]
        [IEEE 754 `float` range]
        [`float_`]
        [
            4 byte floating point type
        ]
    ]
    [
        [__DOUBLE__]
        [`double_`]
        [`double`]
        [IEEE 754 `double` range]
        [`double_`]
        [
            8 byte floating point type
        ]
    ]
    [
        [__DATE__]
        [`date`]
        [[reflink date]]
        [
            \[[reflink min_date], [reflink max_date]\] (some MySQL implementations may allow a narrower range),
            plus invalid and zero dates (see __allow_invalid_dates__ and  __strict_sql__).
        ]
        [`date`]
        []
    ]
    [
        [__DATETIME__]
        [`datetime`]
        [[reflink datetime]]
        [
            \[[reflink min_datetime], [reflink max_datetime]\] (some MySQL implementations may allow a narrower range),
            plus invalid and zero datetimes (see __allow_invalid_dates__ and  __strict_sql__).
        ]
        [`datetime`]
        [
            Time point type without time zone, with a resolution of one microsecond.
        ]
    ]
    [
        [__TIMESTAMP__]
        [`datetime`]
        [[reflink datetime]]
        [
            \[[reflink min_datetime], [reflink max_datetime]\] (the actual MySQL supported range is usually
            narrower, but we don't enforce it in the client), plus zero timestamps (see __strict_sql__).
        ]
        [`timestamp`]
        [
            Time point type with a resolution of one microsecond.
        ]
    ]
    [
        [__TIME__]
        [`time`]
        [[reflink time]]
        [
            \[[reflink min_time], [reflink max_time]\]
        ]
        [`time`]
        [
            Signed time duration, with a resolution of one microsecond.
        ]
    ]
    [
        [__CHAR__]
        [`string`]
        [[reflink string_view] or `std::string`]
        []
        [`char_`]
        [
            Fixed-size character string.
        ]
    ]
    [
        [__VARCHAR__]
        [`string`]
        [[reflink string_view] or `std::string`]
        []
        [`varchar`]
        [
            Variable size character string with a maximum size.
        ]
    ]
    [
        [__TEXT__ (all sizes)]
        [`string`]
        [[reflink string_view] or `std::string`]
        []
        [`text`]
        [
            Variable size character string.
        ]
    ]
    [
        [__ENUM__]
        [`string`]
        [[reflink string_view] or `std::string`]
        []
        [`enum_`]
        [
            Character string with a fixed set of possible values (only one possible).
        ]
    ]
    [
        [__SET__]
        [`string`]
        [[reflink string_view] or `std::string`]
        []
        [`set`]
        [
            Character string with a fixed set of possible values (many possible).
        ]
    ]
    [
        [__JSON__]
        [`string`]
        [[reflink string_view] or `std::string`]
        []
        [`json` (MySQL) or `text` (MariaDB)]
        [
            A serialized JSON value of any type.
            
            Note that [refmem metadata type] is different depending on the DB system. MySQL has a dedicated `JSON` type, while in MariaDB `JSON` is an alias for `LONGTEXT`. JSON values are represented as strings by this library in both cases.
        ]
    ]
    [
        [__DECIMAL__/__NUMERIC__]
        [`string`]
        [[reflink string_view] or `std::string`]
        [Depends on the column definition]
        [`decimal`]
        [
            A fixed precision numeric value. In this case, the string will contain
            the textual representation of the number (e.g. the string `"20.52"` for `20.52`).

            This type is mapped to a string to avoid losing precision.
        ]
    ]
    [
        [__BINARY__]
        [`blob`]
        [[reflink blob_view] or [reflink blob]]
        []
        [`binary`]
        [
            Fixed-size blob.
        ]
    ]
    [
        [__VARBINARY__]
        [`blob`]
        [[reflink blob_view] or [reflink blob]]
        []
        [`varbinary`]
        [
            Variable size blob with a maximum size.
        ]
    ]
    [
        [__BLOB__ (all sizes)]
        [`blob`]
        [[reflink blob_view] or [reflink blob]]
        []
        [`blob`]
        [
            Variable size blob.
        ]
    ]
    [
        [__GEOMETRY__]
        [`blob`]
        [[reflink blob_view] or [reflink blob]]
        []
        [`geometry`]
        [
            Any of the spatial data types. The string contains the binary representation of the geometry type.
        ]
    ]
]

[endsect]
