% language=us

\startcomponent hybrid-lexing

\environment hybrid-environment

\startchapter[title={Updating the code base}]

\startsection [title={Introduction}]

After much experimenting with new code in \MKIV\ a new stage in \CONTEXT\
development was entered in the last quarter of 2011. This was triggered by
several more or less independent developments. I will discuss some of them here
since they are a nice illustration of how \CONTEXT\ evolves. This chapter was
published in TugBoat 103; thanks to Karl Berry and Barbara Beeton for making it
better.

\stopsection

\startsection [title={Interfacing}]

Wolfgang Schuster, Aditya Mahajan and I were experimenting with an abstraction
layer for module writers. In fact this layer itself was a variant of some new
mechanisms used in the \MKIV\ structure related code. That code was among the
first to be adapted as it is accompanied by much \LUA\ code and has been
performing rather well for some years now.

In \CONTEXT\ most of the user interface is rather similar and module writers are
supposed to follow the same route as the core of \CONTEXT. For those who have
looked in the source the following code might look familiar:

\starttyping
\unexpanded\def\mysetupcommand
  {\dosingleempty\domysetupcommand}

\def\domysetupcommand[#1]%
  {..........
   \getparameters[\??my][#1]%
   ..........
   ..........}
\stoptyping

This implements the command \type {\mysetupcommand} that is used as
follows:

\starttyping
\mysetupcommand[color=red,style=bold,...]
\stoptyping

The above definition uses three rather low|-|level interfacing commands. The
\type {\unexpanded} makes sure that the command does not expand in unexpected
ways in cases where expansion is less desirable. (Aside: The \CONTEXT\ \type
{\unexpanded} prefix has a long history and originally resulted in the indirect
definition of a macro. That way the macro could be part of testing (expanded)
equivalence. When \ETEX\ functionality showed up we could use \type {\protected}
but we stuck to the name \type {\unexpanded}. So, currently \CONTEXT's \type
{\unexpanded} is equivalent to \ETEX's \type {\protected}. Furthermore, in
\CONTEXT\ \type {\expanded} is not the same as the \ETEX\ primitive. In order to
use the primitives you need to use their \type {\normal...} synonyms.) The \type
{\dosingleempty} makes sure that one argument gets seen by injecting a dummy when
needed. At some point the \type {\getparameters} command will store the values of
keys in a namespace that is determined by \type {\??my}. The namespace used here
is actually one of the internal namespaces which can be deduced from the double
question marks. Module namespaces have four question marks.

There is some magic involved in storing the values. For instance, keys are
translated from the interface language into the internal language which happens
to be English. This translation is needed because a new command is generated:

\starttyping
\def\@@mycolor{red}
\def\@@mystyle{bold}
\stoptyping

and such a command can be used internally because in so|-|called unprotected mode
\type {@?!} are valid in names. The Dutch equivalent is:

\starttyping
\mijnsetupcommando[kleur=rood,letter=vet]
\stoptyping

and here the \type {kleur} has to be converted into \type {color} before the
macro is constructed. Of course values themselves can stay as they are as long as
checking them uses the internal symbolic names that have the language specific
meaning.

\starttyping
\c!style{color}
\k!style{kleur}
\v!bold {vet}
\stoptyping

Internally assignments are done with the \type {\c!} variant, translation of the
key is done using the \type {\k!} alternative and values are prefixed by \type
{\v!}.

It will be clear that for the English user interface no translation is needed and
as a result that interface is somewhat faster. There we only need

\starttyping
\c!style{color}
\v!bold {bold}
\stoptyping

Users never see these prefixed versions, unless they want to define an
internationalized style, in which case the form

\starttyping
\mysetupcommand[\c!style=\v!bold]
\stoptyping

has to be used, as it will adapt itself to the user interface. This leaves the
\type {\??my} that in fact expands to \type {\@@my}. This is the namespace prefix.

Is this the whole story? Of course it isn't, as in \CONTEXT\ we often have a
generic instance from which we can clone specific alternatives; in practice, the
\type {\@@mycolor} variant is used in a few cases only. In that case a setup
command can look like:

\starttyping
\mysetupcommand[myinstance][style=bold]
\stoptyping

And access to the parameters is done with:

\starttyping
\getvalue{\??my myinstance\c!color}
\stoptyping

So far the description holds for \MKII\ as well as \MKIV, but in \MKIV\ we are
moving to a variant of this. At the cost of a bit more runtime and helper macros,
we can get cleaner low|-|level code. The magic word here is \type
{commandhandler}. At some point the new \MKIV\ code started using an extra
abstraction layer, but the code needed looked rather repetitive despite subtle
differences. Then Wolfgang suggested that we should wrap part of that
functionality in a definition macro that could be used to define module setup and
definition code in one go, thereby providing a level of abstraction that hides
some nasty details. The main reason why code could look cleaner is that the
experimental core code provided a nicer inheritance model for derived instances
and Wolfgang's letter module uses that extensively. After doing some performance
tests with the code we decided that indeed such an initializer made sense. Of
course, after that we played with it, some more tricks were added, and eventually
I decided to replace the similar code in the core as well, that is: use the
installer instead of defining helpers locally.

So, how does one install a new setup mechanism? We stick to the core code and
leave modules aside for the moment.

\starttyping
\definesystemvariable{my}

\installcommandhandler \??my {whatever} \??my
\stoptyping

After this command we have available some new helper commands of which only a few
are mentioned here (after all, this mechanism is still somewhat experimental):

\starttyping
\setupwhatever[key=value]
\setupwhatever[instance][key=value]
\stoptyping

Now a value is fetched using a helper:

\starttyping
\namedwhateverparameter{instance}{key}
\stoptyping

However, more interesting is this one:

\starttyping
\whateverparameter{key}
\stoptyping

For this to work, we need to set the instance:

\starttyping
\def\currentwhatever{instance}
\stoptyping

Such a current state macro already was used in many places, so it fits into the
existing code quite well. In addition to \type {\setupwhatever} and friends,
another command becomes available:

\starttyping
\definewhatever[instance]
\definewhatever[instance][key=value]
\stoptyping

Again, this is not so much a revolution as we can define such a command easily
with helpers, but it pairs nicely with the setup command. One of the goodies is
that it provides the following feature for free:

\starttyping
\definewhatever[instance][otherinstance]
\definewhatever[instance][otherinstance][key=value]
\stoptyping

In some cases this creates more overhead than needed because not all commands
have instances. On the other hand, some commands that didn't have instances yet,
now suddenly have them. For cases where this is not needed, we provide simple
variants of commandhandlers.

Additional commands can be hooked into a setup or definition so that for instance
the current situation can be updated or extra commands can be defined for this
instance, such as \type {\start...} and \type {\stop...} commands.

It should be stressed that the installer itself is not that special in the sense
that we could do without it, but it saves some coding. More important is that we
no longer have the \type {@@} prefixed containers but use \type
{\whateverparameter} commands instead. This is definitely slower than the direct
macro, but as we often deal with instances, it's not that much slower than \type
{\getvalue} and critical components are rather well speed|-|optimized anyway.

There is, however, a slowdown due to the way inheritance is implemented. That is
how this started out: using a different (but mostly compatible) inheritance
model. In the \MKII\ approach (which is okay in itself) inheritance happens by
letting values point to the parent value. In the new model we have a more dynamic
chain. It saves us macros but can expand quite wildly depending on the depth of
inheritance. For instance, in sectioning there can easily be five or more levels
of inheritance. So, there we get slower processing. The same is true for \type
{\framed} which is a rather critical command, but there it is nicely compensated
by less copying. My personal impression is that due to the way \CONTEXT\ is set
up, the new mechanism is actually more efficient on an average job. Also, because
many constructs also depend on the \type {\framed} command, that one can easily
be part of the chain, which again speeds up a bit. In any case, the new
mechanisms use much less hash space.

Some mechanisms still look too complex, especially when they hook into others.
Multiple inheritance is not trivial to deal with, not only because the meaning of
keys can clash, but also because supporting it would demand quite complex fully
expandable resolvers. So for the moment we stay away from it. In case you wonder
why we cannot delegate more to \LUA: it's close to impossible to deal with \TEX's
grouping in efficient ways at the \LUA\ end, and without grouping available \TEX\
becomes less useful.

Back to the namespace. We already had a special one for modules but after many
years of \CONTEXT\ development, we started to run out of two character
combinations and many of them had no relation to what name they spaced. As the
code base is being overhauled anyway, it makes sense to also provide a new core
namespace mechanism. Again, this is nothing revolutionary but it reads much more
nicely.

\starttyping
\installcorenamespace {whatever}

\installcommandhandler \??whatever {whatever} \??whatever
\stoptyping

This time deep down no \type {@@} is used, but rather something more obscure. In
any case, no one will use the meaning of the namespace variables, as all access
to parameters happens indirectly. And of course there is no speed penalty
involved; in fact, we are more efficient. One reason is that we often used the
prefix as follows:

\starttyping
\setvalue{\??my:option:bla}{foo}
\stoptyping

and now we just say:

\starttyping
\installcorenamespace {whateveroption}

\setvalue{\??whateveroption bla}{foo}
\stoptyping

The commandhandler does such assignments slightly differently as it has to prevent
clashes between instances and keywords. A nice example of such a clash is this:

\starttyping
\setvalue{\??whateveroption sectionnumber}{yes}
\stoptyping

In sectioning we have instances named \type {section}, but we also have keys
named \type {number} and \type {sectionnumber}. So, we end up with
something like this:

\starttyping
\setvalue{\??whateveroption section:sectionnumber}{yes}
\setvalue{\??whateveroption section:number}{yes}
\setvalue{\??whateveroption :number}{yes}
\stoptyping

When I decided to replace code similar to that generated by the installer a new
rewrite stage was entered. Therefore one reason for explaining this here is that
in the process of adapting the core code instabilities are introduced and as most
users use the beta version of \MKIV, some tolerance and flexibility is needed and
it might help to know why something suddenly fails.

In itself using the commandhandler is not that problematic, but wherever I decide
to use it, I also clean up the related code and that is where the typos creep in.
Fortunately Wolfgang keeps an eye on the changes so problems that users report on
the mailing lists are nailed down relatively fast. Anyway, the rewrite itself is
triggered by another event but that one is discussed in the next section.

We don't backport (low|-|level) improvements and speedups to \MKII, because for
what we need \TEX\ for, we consider \PDFTEX\ and \XETEX\ rather obsolete. Recent
tests show that at the moment of this writing a \LUATEX\ \MKIV\ run is often
faster than a comparable \PDFTEX\ \MKII\ run (using \UTF-8 and complex font
setups). When compared to a \XETEX\ \MKII\ run, a \LUATEX\ \MKIV\ run is often
faster, but it's hard to compare, as we have advanced functionality in \MKIV\
that is not (or differently) available in \MKII.

\stopsection

\startsection [title={Lexing}]

The editor that I use, called \SCITE, has recently been extended with an extra
external lexer module that makes more advanced syntax highlighting possible,
using the \LUA\ \LPEG\ library. It is no secret that the user interface of
\CONTEXT\ is also determined by the way structure, definitions and setups can be
highlighted in an editor. \footnote {It all started with \type {wdt}, \type
{texedit} and \type {texwork}, editors and environments written by myself in
\MODULA2 and later in \PERL\ Tk, but that was in a previous century.} When I
changed to \SCITE\ I made sure that we had proper highlighting there.

At \PRAGMA\ one of the leading principles has always been: if the document source
looks bad, mistakes are more easily made and the rendering will also be affected.
Or phrased differently: if we cannot make the source look nice, the content is
probably not structured that well either. The same is true for \TEX\ source,
although to a large extent there one must deal with the specific properties of
the language.

So, syntax highlighting, or more impressively: lexing, has always been part of
the development of \CONTEXT\ and for instance the pretty printers of verbatim
provide similar features. For a long time we assumed line|-|based lexing, mostly
for reasons of speed. And surprisingly, that works out quite well with \TEX. We
used a simple color scheme suitable for everyday usage, with not too intrusive
coloring. Of course we made sure that we had runtime spell checking integrated,
and that the different user interfaces were served well.

But then came the \LPEG\ lexer. Suddenly we could do much more advanced
highlighting. Once I started playing with it, a new color scheme was set up and
more sophisticated lexing was applied. Just to mention a few properties:

\startitemize[packed]
\startitem
    We distinguish between several classes of macro names: primitives, helpers,
    interfacing, and user macros.
\stopitem
\startitem
    In addition we highlight constant values and special registers differently.
\stopitem
\startitem
    Conditional constructs can be recognized and are treated as in any
    regular language (keep in mind that users can define their own).
\stopitem
\startitem
    Embedded \METAPOST\ code is lexed independently using a lexer that knows the
    language's primitives, helpers, user macros, constants and of course specific
    syntax and drawing operators. Related commands at the \TEX\ end (for defining
    and processing graphics) are also dealt with.
\stopitem
\startitem
    Embedded \LUA\ is lexed independently using a lexer that not only deals with the
    language but also knows a bit about how it is used in \CONTEXT. Of course the
    macros that trigger \LUA\ code are handled.
\stopitem
\startitem
    Metastructure and metadata related macros are colored in a fashion similar to
    constants (after all, in a document one will not see any constants, so there is
    no color clash).
\stopitem
\startitem
    Some special and often invisible characters get a special background color so
    that we can see when there are for instance non|-|breakable spaces
    sitting there.
\stopitem
\startitem
    Real|-|time spell checking is part of the deal and can optionally be turned on.
    There we distinguish between unknown words, known but potentially misspelled
    words, and known words.
\stopitem
\stopitemize

Of course we also made lexers for \METAPOST, \LUA, \XML, \PDF\ and text documents
so that we have a consistent look and feel.

When writing the new lexer code, and testing it on sources, I automatically
started adapting the source to the new lexing where possible. Actually, as
cleaning up code is somewhat boring, the new lexer is adding some fun to it. I'm
not so sure if I would have started a similar overhaul so easily otherwise,
especially because the rewrite now also includes speedup and cleanup. At least it
helps to recognize less desirable left|-|overs of \MKII\ code.

\stopsection

\startsection [title={Hiding}]

It is interesting to notice that users seldom define commands that clash with low
level commands. This is of course a side effect of the fact that one seldom needs
to define a command, but nevertheless. Low|-|level commands were protected by
prefixing them by one or more (combinations of) \type {do}, \type {re} and \type
{no}'s. This habit is a direct effect of the early days of writing macros. For
\TEX\ it does not matter how long a name is, as internally it becomes a pointer
anyway, but memory consumption of editors, loading time of a format, string space
and similar factors determined the way one codes in \TEX\ for quite a while.
Nowadays there are hardly any limits and the stress that \CONTEXT\ puts on the
\TEX\ engine is even less than in \MKII\ as we delegate many tasks to \LUA.
Memory comes cheap, editors can deal with large amount of data (keep in mind that
the larger the file gets, the more lexing power can be needed), and screens are
wide enough not to lose part of long names in the edges.

Another development has been that in \LUATEX\ we have lots of registers so that
we no longer have to share temporary variables and such. The rewrite is a good
moment to get rid of that restriction.

This all means that at some point it was decided to start using longer command
names internally and permit \type {_} in names. As I was never a fan of using
\type {@} for this, underscore made sense. We have been discussing the use of
colons, which is also nice, but has the disadvantage that colons are also used in
the source, for instance to create a sub|-|namespace. When we have replaced all
old namespaces, colons might show up in command names, so another renaming
roundup can happen.

One reason for mentioning this is that users get to see these names as part of
error messages. An example of a name is:

\starttyping
\page_layouts_this_or_that
\stoptyping

The first part of the name is the category of macros and in most cases is the
same as the first part of the filename. The second part is a namespace. The rest
of the name can differ but we're approaching some consistency in this.

In addition we have prefixed names, where prefixes are used as consistently as
possible:

\starttabulate[|l|l|]
\NC \type {t_} \NC token register \NC \NR
\NC \type {d_} \NC dimension register \NC \NR
\NC \type {s_} \NC skip register \NC \NR
\NC \type {u_} \NC muskip register \NC \NR
\NC \type {c_} \NC counter register, constant or conditional \NC \NR
\NC \type {m_} \NC (temporary) macro \NC \NR
\NC \type {p_} \NC (temporary) parameter expansion (value of key)\NC \NR
\NC \type {f_} \NC fractions \NC \NR
\stoptabulate

This is not that different from other prefixing in \CONTEXT\ apart from the fact
that from now on those variables (registers) are no longer accessible in a
regular run. We might decide on another scheme but renaming can easily be
scripted. In the process some of the old prefixes are being removed. The main
reason for changing to this naming scheme is that it is more convenient to grep
for them.

In the process most traditional \type {\if}s get replaced by \quote
{conditionals}.  The same is true for \type {\chardef}s that store states;
these become \quote {constants}.

\stopsection

\startsection[title=Status]

We always try to keep the user interface constant, so most functionality and
control stays stable. However, now that most users use \MKIV, commands that no
longer make sense are removed. An interesting observation is that some users
report that low|-|level macros or registers are no longer accessible. Fortunately
that is no big deal as we point them to the official ways to deal with matters.
It is also a good opportunity for users to clean up accumulated hackery.

The systematic (file by file) cleanup started in the second half of 2011 and as
of January 2012 one third of the core (\TEX) modules have to be cleaned up and
the planning is to get most of that done as soon as possible. However, some
modules will be rewritten (or replaced) and that takes more time. In any case we
hope that rather soon most of the code is stable enough that we can start working
on new mechanisms and features. Before that a cleanup of the \LUA\ code is
planned.

Although in many cases there are no fundamental changes in the user interface and
functionality, I will wrap up some issues that are currently being dealt with.
This is just a snapshot of what is happening currently and as a consequence it
describes what users can run into due to newly introduced bugs.

The core modules of \CONTEXT\ are loosely organized in groups. Over time there
has been some reorganization and in \MKIV\ some code has been moved into new
categories. The alphabetical order does not reflect the loading order or
dependency tree as categories are loaded intermixed. Therefore the order below is
somewhat arbitrary and does not express importance. Each category has multiple
files.

\startsubsubject[title={anch: anchoring and positioning}]

More than a decade ago we started experimenting with position tracking. The
ability to store positional information and use that in a second pass permits for
instance adding backgrounds. As this code interacts nicely with (runtime)
\METAPOST\ it has always been quite powerful and flexible on the one hand, but at
the same time it was demanding in terms of runtime and resources. However, were
it not for this feature, we would probably not be using \TEX\ at all, as
backgrounds and special relative positioning are needed in nearly all our
projects.

In \MKIV\ this mechanism had already been ported to a hybrid form, but recently
much of the code has been overhauled and its \MKII\ artifacts stripped. As a
consequence the overhead in terms of memory probably has increased but the impact
on runtime has been considerably reduced. It will probably take some time to
become stable if only because the glue to \METAPOST\ has changed. There are some
new goodies, like backgrounds behind parshapes, something that probably no one
uses and is always somewhat tricky but it was not too hard to support. Also,
local background support has been improved which means that it's easier to get
them in more column-based layouts, several table mechanisms, floats and such.
This was always possible but is now more automatic and hopefully more intuitive.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={attr: attributes}]

We use attributes (properties of nodes) a lot. The framework for this had been
laid early in \MKIV\ development, so not much has changed here. Of course the
code gets cleaner and hopefully better as it is putting quite a load on the
processing. Each new feature depending on attributes adds some extra overhead
even if we make sure that mechanisms only kick in when they are used. This is due
to the fact that attributes are linked lists and although unique lists are
shared, they travel with each node. On the other hand, the cleanup (and
de|-|\MKII|-|ing) of code leads to better performance so on the average no user
will notice this.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={back: backend code generation}]

This category wraps backend issues in an abstract way that is similar to the
special drivers in \MKII. So far we have only three backends: \PDF, \XML, and
\XHTML. Such code is always in a state of maintenance, if only because backends
evolve.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={bibl: bibliographies}]

For a while now, bibliographies have not been an add|-|on but part of the core.
There are two variants: traditional \BIBTEX\ support derived from a module by
Taco Hoekwater but using \MKIV\ features (the module hooks into core code), and a
variant that delegates most work to \LUA\ by creating an in-memory \XML\ tree
that gets manipulated. At some point I will extend the second variant. Going the
\XML\ route also connects better with developments such as Jean|-|Michel
Hufflen's Ml\BIBTEX.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={blob: typesetting in \LUA}]

Currently we only ship a few helpers but eventually this will become a framework
for typesetting raw text in \LUA. This might be handy for some projects that we
have where the only input is \XML, but I'm not that sure if it will produce nice
results and if the code will look better. On the other hand, there are some cases
where in a regular \TEX\ run some basic typesetting in \LUA\ might make sense. Of
course I also need an occasional pet project so this might qualify as one.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={buff: buffers and verbatim}]

Traditionally buffers and verbatim have always been relatives as they share code.
The code was among the first to be adapted to \LUATEX. There is not that much to
gain in adapting it further. Maybe I will provide more lexers for
pretty|-|printing some day.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={catc: catcodes}]

Catcodes are a rather \TEX|-|specific feature and we have organized them in
catcode regimes. The most important recent change has been that some of the
characters with a special meaning in \TEX\ (like ampersand, underscore,
superscript, etc.) are no longer special except in cases that matter. This
somewhat incompatible change surprisingly didn't lead to many problems. Some code
that is specific for the \MKII\ \XML\ processor has been removed as we no longer
assume it is in \MKIV.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={char: characters}]

This important category deals with characters and their properties. Already from
the beginning of \MKIV\ character properties have been (re)organized in \LUA\
tables and therefore much code deals with it. The code is rather stable but
occasionally the tables are updated as they depend on developments in \UNICODE.
In order to share as much data as possible and prevent duplicates there are
several inheritance mechanisms in place but their overhead is negligible.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={chem: chemistry}]

The external module that deals with typesetting chemistry was transformed
into a \MKIV\ core module some time ago. Not much has changed in this department
but some enhancements are pending.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={cldf: \CONTEXT\ \LUA\ documents}]

These modules are mostly \LUA\ code and are the interface into \CONTEXT\ as well
as providing ways to code complete documents in \LUA. This is one of those
categories that is visited every now and then to be adapted to improvements in
other core code or in \LUATEX. This is one of my favourite categories as it
exposes most of \CONTEXT\ at the \LUA\ end which permits writing solutions in
\LUA\ while still using the full power of \CONTEXT. A dedicated manual is on its
way.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={colo: colors and transparencies}]

This is rather old code, and apart from some cleanup not much has been changed
here. Some macros that were seldom used have been removed. One issue that is
still pending is a better interface to \METAPOST\ as it has different color
models and we have adapted code at that end. This has a rather low priority
because in practice it is no real problem.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={cont: runtime code}]

These modules contain code that is loaded at runtime, such as filename remapping,
patches, etc. It does not make much sense to improve these.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={core: all kinds of core code}]

Housekeeping is the main target of these modules. There are still some
typesetting|-|related components here but these will move to other categories.
This code is cleaned up when there is a need for it. Think of managing files,
document project structure, module loading, environments, multipass data, etc.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={data: file and data management}]

This category hosts only \LUA\ code and hasn't been touched for a while. Here we
deal with locating files, caching, accessing remote data, resources,
environments, and the like.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={enco: encodings}]

Because (font) encodings are gone, there is only one file in this category and
that one deals with weird (composed or otherwise special) symbols. It also
provides a few traditional \TEX\ macros that users expect to be present, for
instance to put accents over characters.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={file: files}]

There is some overlap between this category and core modules. Loading files is
always somewhat special in \TEX\ as there is the \TEX\ directory structure to
deal with. Sometimes you want to use files in the so|-|called tree, but other
times you don't. This category provides some management code for (selective)
loading of document files, modules and resources. Most of the code works with
accompanying \LUA\ code and has not been touched for years, apart from some
weeding and low|-|level renaming. The project structure code has mostly been
moved to \LUA\ and this mechanism is now more restrictive in the sense that one
cannot misuse products and components in unpredictable ways. This change permits
better automatic loading of cross references in related documents.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={font: fonts}]

Without proper font support a macro package is rather useless. Of course we do
support the popular font formats but nowadays that's mostly delegated to \LUA\
code. What remains at the \TEX\ end is code that loads and triggers a combination
of fonts efficiently. Of course in the process text and math each need to get the
proper amount of attention.

There is no longer shared code between \MKII\ and \MKIV. Both already had rather
different low|-|level solutions, but recently with \MKIV\ we went a step further.
Of course it made sense to kick out commands that were only used for \PDFTEX\
\TYPEONE\ and \XETEX\ \OPENTYPE\ support but more important was the decision to
change the way design sizes are supported.

In \CONTEXT\ we have basic font definition and loading code and that hasn't
conceptually changed much over the years. In addition to that we have so-called
bodyfont environments and these have been made a bit more powerful in recent
\MKIV. Then there are typefaces, which are abstract combinations of fonts and
defining them happens in typescripts. This layered approach is rather flexible,
and was greatly needed when we had all those font encodings (to be used in all
kinds of combinations within one document). In \MKIV, however, we already had
fewer typescripts as font encodings are gone (also for \TYPEONE\ fonts). However,
there remained a rather large blob of definition code dealing with Latin Modern;
large because it comes in design sizes.

As we always fall back on Latin Modern, and because we don't preload fonts, there
is some overhead involved in resolving design size related issues and
definitions. But, it happens that this is the only font that ships with many
files related to different design sizes. In practice no user will change the
defaults. So, although the regular font mechanism still provides flexible ways to
define font file combinations per bodyfont size, resolving to the right best
matching size now happens automatically via a so|-|called \LUA\ font goodie file
which brings down the number of definitions considerably. The consequence is that
\CONTEXT\ starts up faster, not only in the case of Latin Modern being used, but
also when other designs are in play. The main reason for this is that we don't
have to parse those large typescripts anymore, as the presets were always part of
the core set of typescripts. At the same time loading a specific predefined set
has been automated and optimized. Of course on a run of 30 seconds this is not
that noticeable, but it is on a 5 second run or when testing something in the
editor that takes less than a second. It also makes a difference in automated
workflows; for instance at \PRAGMA\ we run unattended typesetting flows that need
to run as fast as possible. Also, in virtual machines using network shares, the
fewer files consulted the better.

Because math support was already based on \OPENTYPE, where \CONTEXT\ turns
\TYPEONE\ fonts into \OPENTYPE\ at runtime, nothing fundamental has changed here,
apart from some speedups (at the cost of some extra memory). Where the overhead
of math font switching in \MKII\ is definitely a factor, in \MKIV\ it is close to
negligible, even if we mix regular, bold, and bidirectional math, which we have
done for a while.

The low|-|level code has been simplified a bit further by making a better
distinction between the larger sizes (\type {a} up to \type {d}) and smaller
sizes (\type {x} and \type {xx}). These now operate independently of each other
(i.e.\ one can now have a smaller relative \type {x} size of a larger one). This
goes at the cost of more resources but it is worth the effort.

By splitting up the large basic font module into smaller ones, I hope that it can
be maintained more easily although someone familiar with the older code will only
recognize bits and pieces. This is partly due to the fact that font code is
highly optimized.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={grph: graphic (and widget) inclusion}]

Graphics inclusion is always work in progress as new formats have to be dealt
with or users want additional conversions to be done. This code will be cleaned
up later this year. The plug|-|in mechanisms will be extended (examples of
existing plug|-|ins are automatic converters and barcode generation).

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={hand: special font handling}]

As we treat protrusion and hz as features of a font, there is not much left in
this category apart from some fine|-|tuning. So, not much has happened here and
eventually the left|-|overs in this category might be merged with the font
modules.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={java: \JAVASCRIPT\ in \PDF}]

This code already has been cleaned up a while ago, when moving to \MKIV, but we
occasionally need to check and patch due to issues with \JAVASCRIPT\ engines in
viewers.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={lang: languages and labels}]

There is not much changed in this department, apart from additional labels. The
way inheritance works in languages differs too much from other inheritance code
so we keep what we have here. Label definitions have been moved to \LUA\ tables
from which labels at the \TEX\ end are defined that can then be overloaded
locally. Of course the basic interface has not changed as this is typically code
that users will use in styles.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={luat: housekeeping}]

This is mostly \LUA\ code needed to get the basic components and libraries in
place. While the \type {data} category implements the connection to the outside
world, this category runs on top of that and feeds the \TEX\ machinery. For
instance conversion of \MKVI\ files happens here. These files are seldom touched
but might need an update some time (read: prune obsolete code).

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={lpdf: \PDF\ backend}]

Here we implement all kinds of \PDF\ backend features. Most are abstracted via
the backend interface. So, for instance, colors are done with a high level
command that goes via the backend interface to the \type {lpdf} code. In fact,
there is more such code than in (for instance) the \MKII\ special drivers, but
readability comes at a price. This category is always work in progress as
insights evolve and users demand more.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={lxml: \XML\ and lpath}]

As this category is used by some power users we cannot change too much here,
apart from speedups and extensions. It's also the bit of code we use frequently
at \PRAGMA, and as we often have to deal with rather crappy \XML\ I expect to
move some more helpers into the code. The latest greatest trickery related to
proper typesetting can be seen in the documents made by Thomas Schmitz. I wonder
if I'd still have fun doing our projects if I hadn't, in an early stage of \MKIV,
written the \XML\ parser and expression parser used for filtering.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={math: mathematics}]

Math deserves its own category but compared to \MKII\ there is much less code,
thanks to \UNICODE. Since we support \TYPEONE\ as virtual \OPENTYPE\ nothing
special is needed there (and eventually there will be proper fonts anyway). When
rewriting code I try to stay away from hacks, which is sometimes possible by
using \LUA\ but it comes with a slight speed penalty. Much of the \UNICODE\
math|-|related font code is already rather old but occasionally we add new
features. For instance, because \OPENTYPE\ has no italic correction we provide an
alternative (mostly automated) solution.

On the agenda is more structural math encoding (maybe like openmath) but tagging
is already part of the code so we get a reasonable export. Not that someone is
waiting for it, but it's there for those who want it. Most math|-|related
character properties are part of the character database which gets extended on
demand. Of course we keep \MATHML\ up|-|to|-|date because we need it in a few
projects.

We're not in a hurry here but this is something where Aditya and I have to redo
some of the code that provides \AMS|-|like math commands (but as we have them
configurable some work is needed to keep compatibility). In the process it's
interesting to run into probably never|-|used code, so we just remove those
artifacts.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={meta: metapost interfacing}]

This and the next category deal with \METAPOST. This first category is quite old
but already adapted to the new situation. Sometimes we add extra functionality
but the last few years the situation has become rather stable with the exception
of backgrounds, because these have been overhauled completely.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={mlib: metapost library}]

Apart from some obscure macros that provide the interface between front- and
backend this is mostly \LUA\ code that controls the embedded \METAPOST\ library.
So, here we deal with extensions (color, shading, images, text, etc.) as well as
runtime management because sometimes two runs are needed to get a graphic right.
Some time ago, the \MKII|-|like extension interface was dropped in favor of one
more natural to the library and \METAPOST~2. As this code is used on a daily
basis it is quite well debugged and the performance is pretty good too.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={mult: multi|-|lingual user interface}]

Even if most users use the English user interface, we keep the other ones around
as they're part of the trademark. Commands, keys, constants, messages and the
like are now managed with \LUA\ tables. Also, some of the tricky remapping code
has been stripped because the setup definitions files are dealt with. These are
\XML\ files that describe the user interface that get typeset and shipped with
\CONTEXT.

These files are being adapted. First of all the commandhandler code is defined
here. As we use a new namespace model now, most of these namespaces are defined
in the files where they are used. This is possible because they are more verbose
so conflicts are less likely (also, some checking is done to prevent reuse).
Originally the namespace prefixes were defined in this category but eventually
all that code will be gone. This is a typical example where 15|-|year|-|old
constraints are no longer an issue and better code can be used.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={node: nodes}]

This is a somewhat strange category as all typeset material in \TEX\ becomes
nodes so this deals with everything. One reason for this category is that new
functionality often starts here and is sometimes shared between several
mechanisms. So, for the moment we keep this category. Think of special kerning,
insert management, low|-|level referencing (layer between user code and backend
code) and all kinds of rule and displacement features. Some of this functionality
is described in previously published documents.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={norm: normalize primitives}]

We used to initialize the primitives here (because \LUATEX\ starts out blank).
But after moving that code this category only has one definition left and that
one will go too. In \MKII\ these files are still used (and actually generated by
\MKIV).

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={pack: wrapping content in packages}]

This is quite an important category as in \CONTEXT\ lots of things get packed.
The best example is \type {\framed} and this macro has been maximally optimized,
which is not that trivial since much can be configured. The code has been adapted
to work well with the new commandhandler code and in future versions it might use
the commandhandler directly. This is however not that trivial because hooking a
setup of a command into \type {\framed} can conflict with the two commands using
keys for different matters.

Layers are also in this category and they probably will be further optimized.
Reimplementing reusable objects is on the horizon, but for that we need a more
abstract \LUA\ interface, so that will come first. This has a low priority
because it all works well. This category also hosts some helpers for the page
builder but the builder itself has a separate category.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={page: pages and output routines}]

Here we have an old category: output routines (trying to make a page), page
building, page imposition and shipout, single and multi column handling, very
special page construction, line numbering, and of course setting up pages and
layouts. All this code is being redone stepwise and stripped of old hacks. This
is a cumbersome process as these are core components where side effects are
sometimes hard to trace because mechanisms (and user demands) can interfere.
Expect some changes for the good here.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={phys: physics}]

As we have a category for chemistry it made sense to have one for physics and
here is where the unit module's code ended up. So, from now on units are
integrated into the core. We took the opportunity to rewrite most of it from
scratch, providing a bit more control.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={prop: properties}]

The best|-|known property in \TEX\ is a font and color is a close second. Both
have their own category of files. In \MKII\ additional properties like backend
layers and special rendering of text were supported in this category but in
\MKIV\ properties as a generic feature are gone and replaced by more specific
implementations in the \type {attr} namespace. We do issue a warning when any of
the old methods are used.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={regi: input encodings}]

We still support input encoding regimes but hardly any \TEX\ code is involved
now. Only when users demand more functionality does this code get extended. For
instant, recently a user wanted a conversion function for going from \UTF-8 to an
encoding that another program wanted to see.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={scrn: interactivity and widgets}]

All modules in this category have been overhauled. On the one hand we lifted some
constraints, for instance the delayed initialization of fields no longer makes
sense as we have a more dynamic variable resolver now (which is somewhat slower
but still acceptable). On the other hand some nice but hard to maintain features
have been simplified (not that anyone will notice as they were rather special).
The reason for this is that vaguely documented \PDF\ features tend to change over
time which does not help portability. Of course there have also been some
extensions, and it is actually less hassle (but still no fun) to deal with such
messy backend related code in \LUA.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={scrp: script|-|specific tweaks}]

These are script|-|specific \LUA\ files that help with getting better results for
scripts like \CJK. Occasionally I look at them but how they evolve depends on
usage. I have some very experimental files that are not in the distribution.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={sort: sorting}]

As sorting is delegated to \LUA\ there is not much \TEX\ code here. The \LUA\
code occasionally gets improved if only because users have demands. For instance,
sorting Korean was an interesting exercise, as was dealing with multiple
languages in one index. Because sorting can happen on a combination of \UNICODE,
case, shape, components, etc.\ the sorting mechanism is one of the more complex
subsystems.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={spac: spacing}]

This important set of modules is responsible for vertical spacing, strut
management, justification, grid snapping, and all else that relates to spacing
and alignments. Already in an early stage vertical spacing was mostly delegated
to \LUA\ so there we're only talking of cleaning up now. Although \unknown\ I'm
still not satisfied with the vertical spacing solution because it is somewhat
demanding and an awkward mix of \TEX\ and \LUA\ which is mostly due to the fact
that we cannot evaluate \TEX\ code in \LUA.

Horizontal spacing can be quite demanding when it comes down to configuration:
think of a table with 1000 cells where each cell has to be set up (justification,
tolerance, spacing, protrusion, etc.). Recently a more drastic optimization has
been done which permits even more options but at the same time is much more
efficient, although not in terms of memory.

Other code, for instance spread|-|related status information, special spacing
characters, interline spacing and linewise typesetting all falls into this
category and there is probably room for improvement there. It's good to mention
that in the process of the current cleanup hardly any \LUA\ code gets touched, so
that's another effort.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={strc: structure}]

Big things happened here but mostly at the \TEX\ end as the support code in \LUA\
was already in place. In this category we collect all code that gets or can get
numbered, moves around and provides visual structure. So, here we find itemize,
descriptions, notes, sectioning, marks, block moves, etc. This means that the
code here interacts with nearly all other mechanisms.

Itemization now uses the new inheritance code instead of its own specific
mechanism but that is not a fundamental change. More important is that code has
been moved around, stripped, and slightly extended. For instance, we had
introduced proper \type {\startitem} and \type {\stopitem} commands which are
somewhat conflicting with \type {\item} where a next instance ends a previous
one. The code is still not nice, partly due to the number of options. The code is
a bit more efficient now but functionally the same.

The sectioning code is under reconstruction as is the code that builds lists. The
intention is to have a better pluggable model and so far it looks promising. As
similar models will be used elsewhere we need to converge to an acceptable
compromise. One thing is clear: users no longer need to deal with arguments but
variables and no longer with macros but with setups. Of course providing backward
compatibility is a bit of a pain here.

The code that deals with descriptions, enumerations and notes was already done in
a \MKIV\ way, which means that they run on top of lists as storage and use the
generic numbering mechanism. However, they had their own inheritance support code
and moving to the generic code was a good reason to look at them again. So, now
we have a new hierarchy: constructs, descriptions, enumerations and notations
where notations are hooked into the (foot)note mechanisms.

These mechanisms share the rendering code but operate independently (which was
the main challenge). I did explore the possibility of combining the code with
lists as there are some similarities but the usual rendering is too different as
in the interface (think of enumerations with optional local titles, multiple
notes that get broken over pages, etc.). However, as they are also stored in
lists, users can treat them as such and reuse the information when needed (which
for instance is just an alternative way to deal with end notes).

At some point math formula numbering (which runs on top of enumerations) might
get its own construct base. Math will be revised when we consider the time to be
ripe for it anyway.

The reference mechanism is largely untouched as it was already doing well, but
better support has been added for automatic cross|-|document referencing. For
instance it is now easier to process components that make up a product and still
get the right numbering and cross referencing in such an instance.

Float numbering, placement and delaying can all differ per output routine (single
column, multi|-|column, columnset, etc.). Some of the management has moved to
\LUA\ but most is just a job for \TEX. The better some support mechanisms become,
the less code we need here.

Registers will get the same treatment as lists: even more user control than is
already possible. Being a simple module this is a relatively easy task, something
for a hot summer day. General numbering is already fine as are block moves so
they come last. The \XML\ export and \PDF\ tagging is also controlled from this
category.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={supp: support code}]

Support modules are similar to system ones (discussed later) but on a slightly
more abstract level. There are not that many left now so these might as well
become system modules at some time. The most important one is the one dealing
with boxes. The biggest change there is that we use more private registers. I'm
still not sure what to do with the visual debugger code. The math|-|related code
might move to the math category.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={symb: symbols}]

The symbol mechanisms organizes special characters in groups. With
\UNICODE|-|related fonts becoming more complete we hardly need this mechanism.
However, it is still the abstraction used in converters (for instance footnote
symbols and interactive elements). The code has been cleaned up a bit but
generally stays as is.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={syst: tex system level code}]

Here you find all kinds of low|-|level helpers. Most date from early times but
have been improved stepwise. We tend to remove obscure helpers (unless someone
complains loudly) and add new ones every now and then. Even if we would strip
down \CONTEXT\ to a minimum size, these modules would still be there. Of course
the bootstrap code is also in this category: think of allocators, predefined
constants and such.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={tabl: tables}]

The oldest table mechanism was a quite seriously patched version of \TABLE\ and
finally the decision has been made to strip, replace and clean up that bit. So,
we have less code, but more features, such as colored columns and more.

The (in|-|stream) tabulate code is mostly unchanged but has been optimized
(again) as it is often used. The multipass approach stayed but is somewhat more
efficient now.

The natural table code was originally meant for \XML\ processing but is quite
popular among users. The functionality and code is frozen but benefits from
optimizations in other areas. The reason for the freeze is that it is pretty
complex multipass code and we don't want to break anything.

As an experiment, a variant of natural tables was made. Natural tables have a
powerful inheritance model where rows and cells (first, last, \unknown) can be
set up as a group but that is rather costly in terms of runtime. The new table
variant treats each column, row and cell as an instance of \type {\framed} where
cells can be grouped arbitrarily. And, because that is somewhat extreme, these
tables are called x|-|tables. As much of the logic has been implemented in \LUA\
and as these tables use buffers (for storing the main body) one could imagine
that there is some penalty involved in going between \TEX\ and \LUA\ several
times, as we have a two, three or four pass mechanism. However, this mechanism is
surprisingly fast compared to natural tables. The reason for writing it was not
only speed, but also the fact that in a project we had tables of 50 pages with
lots of spans and such that simply didn't fit into \TEX's memory any more, took
ages to process, and could also confuse the float splitter.

Line tables \unknown\ well, I will look into them when needed. They are nice in a
special way, as they can split vertically and horizontally, but they are seldom
used. (This table mechanism was written for a project where large quantities of
statistical data had to be presented.)

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={task: lua tasks}]

Currently this is mostly a place where we collect all kinds of tasks that are
delegated to \LUA, often hooked into callbacks. No user sees this code.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={toks: token lists}]

This category has some helpers that are handy for tracing or manuals but no sane
user will ever use them, I expect. However, at some point I will clean up this
old \MKIV\ mess. This code might end up in a module outside the core.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={trac: tracing}]

A lot of tracing is possible in the \LUA\ code, which can be controlled from the
\TEX\ end using generic enable and disable commands. At the macro level we do
have some tracing but this will be replaced by a similar mechanism. This means
that many \type {\tracewhatevertrue} directives will go away and be replaced.
This is of course introducing some incompatibility but normally users don't use
this in styles.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={type: typescripts}]

We already mentioned that typescripts relate to fonts. Traditionally this is a
layer on top of font definitions and we keep it this way. In this category there
are also the definitions of typefaces: combinations of fonts. As we split the
larger into smaller ones, there are many more files now. This has the added
benefit that we use less memory as typescripts are loaded only once and stored
permanently.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={typo: typesetting and typography}]

This category is rather large in \MKIV\ as we move all code into here that
somehow deals with special typesetting. Here we find all kinds of interesting new
code that uses \LUA\ solutions (slower but more robust). Much has been discussed
in articles as they are nice examples and often these are rather stable.

The most important new kid on the block is margin data, which has been moved into
this category. The new mechanism is somewhat more powerful but the code is also
quite complex and still experimental. The functionality is roughly the same as in
\MKII\ and older \MKIV, but there is now more advanced inheritance, a clear
separation between placement and rendering, slightly more robust stacking, local
anchoring (new). It was a nice challenge but took a bit more time than other
reimplementations due to all kinds of possible interference. Also, it's not
always easy to simulate \TEX\ grouping in a script language. Even if much more
code is involved, it looks like the new implementation is somewhat faster. I
expect to clean up this code a couple of times.

On the agenda is not only further cleanup of all modules in this category, but
also more advanced control over paragraph building. There is a parbuilder written
in \LUA\ on my machine for years already which we use for experiments and in the
process a more \LUATEX-ish (and efficient) way of dealing with protrusion has
been explored. But for this to become effective, some of the \LUATEX\ backend
code has to be reorganized and Hartmut wants do that first. In fact, we can then
backport the new approach to the built|-|in builder, which is not only faster but
also more efficient in terms of memory usage.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={unic: \UNICODE\ vectors and helpers}]

As \UNICODE\ support is now native all the \MKII\ code (mostly vectors and
converters) is gone. Only a few helpers remain and even these might go away.
Consider this category obsolete and replaced by the \type {char} category.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={util: utility functions}]

These are \LUA\ files that are rather stable. Think of parsers, format
generation, debugging, dimension helpers, etc. Like the data category, this one
is loaded quite early.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={Other \TEX\ files}]

Currently there are the above categories which can be recognized by filename and
prefix in macro names. But there are more files involved. For instance, user
extensions can go into these categories as well but they need names starting with
something like \type {xxxx-imp-} with \type {xxxx} being the category.

Then there are modules that can be recognized by their prefix: \type {m-} (basic
module), \type {t-} (third party module), \type {x-} (\XML|-|specific module),
\type {u-} (user module), \type {p-} (private module). Some modules that Wolfgang
and Aditya are working on might end up in the core distribution. In a similar
fashion some seldom used core code might get moved to (auto|-|loaded) modules.

There are currently many modules that provide tracing for mechanisms (like font
and math) and these need to be normalized into a consistent interface. Often such
modules show up when we work on an aspect of \CONTEXT\ or \LUATEX\ and at that
moment integration is not high on the agenda.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={\METAPOST\ files}]

A rather fundamental change in \METAPOST\ is that it no longer has a format (mem
file). Maybe at some point it will read \type {.gz} files, but all code is loaded
at runtime.

For this reason I decided to split the files for \MKII\ and \MKIV\ as having
version specific code in a common set no longer makes much sense. This means that
already for a while we have \type {.mpii} and \type {.mpiv} files with the latter
category being more efficient because we delegate some backend|-|related issues
to \CONTEXT\ directly. I might split up the files for \MKIV\ a bit more so that
selective loading is easier. This gives a slight performance boost when working
over a network connection.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={\LUA\ files}]

There are some generic helper modules, with names starting with \type {l-}. Then
there are the \type {mtx-*} scripts for all kinds of management tasks with the
most important one being \type {mtx-context} for managing a \TEX\ run.

\stopsubsubject

\startsubsubject[title={Generic files}]
This leaves the bunch of generic files that provides \OPENTYPE\ support to
packages other than \CONTEXT. Much time went into moving \CONTEXT|-|specific code
out of the way and providing a better abstract interface. This means that new
\CONTEXT\ code (we provide more font magic) will be less likely to interfere and
integration is easier. Of course there is a penalty for \CONTEXT\ but it is
bearable. And yes, providing generic code takes quite a lot of time so I
sometimes wonder why I did it in the first place, but currently the maintenance
burden is rather low. Khaled Hosny is responsible for bridging this code to
\LATEX.

\stopsubsubject

\stopsection

\startsection[title={What next}]

Here ends this summary of the current state of \CONTEXT. I expect to spend the
rest of the year on further cleaning up. I'm close to halfway now. What I really
like is that many users upgrade as soon as there is a new beta, and as in a
rewrite typos creep in, I therefore often get a fast response.

Of course it helps a lot that Wolfgang Schuster, Aditya Mahajan, and Luigi Scarso
know the code so well that patches show up on the list shortly after a problem
gets reported. Also, for instance Thomas Schmitz uses the latest betas in
academic book production, presentations, lecture notes and more, and so provides
invaluable fast feedback. And of course Mojca Miklavec keeps all of it (and us)
in sync. Such a drastic cleanup could not be done without their help. So let's
end this status report with \unknown\ a big thank you to all those (unnamed)
patient users and contributors.

\stopsection

\stopchapter

\stopcomponent
