# Using lintr

This vignette describes how to set up and configure `lintr` for use with projects or packages.

## Running `lintr` on a project

Checking an R project for lints can be done with three different functions:

- Lint a single file using `lint()`:

      lint(filename = "R/bad.R")

- Lint a directory using `lint_dir()`:

      lint_dir(path = "R")

  This will apply `lint()` to all R source files matching the `pattern` argument. By default, this means all `.R` files as well as `knitr` formats (e.g. `.Rmd`, `.Rnw`).

  `lint_dir` is vectorized over `path`, so multiple directories can be linted at the same time.

- Lint all relevant directories of an R package using `lint_package()`:

      lint_package(path = ".")

  This will apply `lint_dir()` to all subdirectories usually containing R code in packages:

  - `R` containing the package implementation.
  - `tests` containing test code.
  - `inst` containing sample code or vignettes that will be installed along with the package.
  - `vignettes` containing package vignettes.
  - `data-raw` containing code to produce `data` files.

For more information about the assumed package structure, see R Packages.

Note that some linters (e.g. `object_usage_linter()`) require the package to be installed to function properly. `pkgload::load_all()` will also suffice. See `?executing_linters` for more details.

## Configuring linters

### The `.lintr` file

The canonical way to configure R projects and packages for linting is to create a `.lintr` file in the project root. This is a file in debian control format (`?read.dcf`), each value of which is evaluated as R code by `lintr` when reading the settings. A minimal `.lintr` file can be generated by running `use_lintr()` in the project directory. Lintr supports per-project configuration of the following fields.

- `linters` - see `?linters_with_defaults` for example of specifying only a few non-default linters and `?linters_with_tags` for more fine-grained control.
- `exclusions` - a list of filenames to exclude from linting. You can use a named item to exclude only certain lines from a file.
- `exclude` - a regex pattern for lines to exclude from linting. Default is “# nolint”
- `exclude_start` - a regex pattern to start exclusion range. Default is “# nolint start”
- `exclude_end` - a regex pattern to end exclusion range. Default is “# nolint end”
- `encoding` - the encoding used for source files. Default inferred from .Rproj or DESCRIPTION files, fallback to UTF-8

### .lintr File Example

Below is an example .lintr file that uses 120 character line lengths, disables `commented_code_linter`, excludes a couple of files.

    linters: linters_with_defaults(
        line_length_linter(120),
        commented_code_linter = NULL
      )
    exclusions: list(
        "inst/doc/creating_linters.R" = 1,
        "inst/example/bad.R",
        "tests/testthat/exclusions-test"
      )

### Other configuration options

More generally, `lintr` searches for a settings file according to following prioritized list. The first one found, if any, will be used:

1. If `options("lintr.linter_file")` is an absolute path, this file will be used. The default for this option is `".lintr"` or the value of the environment variable `R_LINTR_LINTER_FILE`, if set.
2. A project-local linter file; that is, either
   1. a linter file (that is, a file named like `lintr.linter_file`) in the currently-searched directory, i.e. the directory of the file passed to `lint()`; or
   2. a linter file in the `.github/linters` child directory of the currently-searched directory.
3. A project-local linter file in the closest parent directory of the currently-searched directory, starting from the deepest path, moving upwards one level at a time. When run from `lint_package()`, this directory can differ for each linted file.
4. A linter file in the user’s `HOME` directory.
5. A linter file called `config` in the user’s configuration path (given by `tools::R_user_dir("lintr", which = "config")`).

If no linter file is found, only default settings take effect (see defaults).

### Using `options()`

Values in `options()`, if they are not `NULL`, take precedence over those in the linter file (e.g. `.lintr`). Note that the key `option_name` in the linter file translates to an R option `lintr.option_name`. For example, `options(lintr.exclude = "# skip lint")` will take precedence over `exclude: # nolint` in the linter file.

### Using arguments to `lint()`

The settings can also be passed as arguments to linting functions directly. In case of `exclusions`, these will be combined with the globally parsed settings. Other settings will be overridden.

If only the specified settings should be changed, and the remaining settings should be taken directly from the defaults, the argument `parse_settings = FALSE` can be added to the function calls. This will suppress reading of the `.lintr` configuration. This is particularly useful for tests which should not exclude example files containing lints while the package-level `.lintr` excludes those files because the lints are intentional.

### Defaults

The default settings of `lintr` are intended to conform to the tidyverse style guide. However, the behavior can be customized using different methods.

Apart from `lintr.linter_file`, which defaults to `".lintr"`, there are the following settings:

| default
--- | ---
linters | `lintr::default_linters`
encoding | UTF-8
exclude | regex: `#[[:space:]]*nolint`
exclude_next | regex: `#[[:space:]]*nolint next`
exclude_start | regex: `#[[:space:]]*nolint start`
exclude_end | regex: `#[[:space:]]*nolint end`
exclude_linter | regex: `^[[:space:]]*:[[:space:]]*(?<linters>(?:(?:[^,.])+[[:space:]]*,[[:space:]]*)*(?:[^,.])+)\.`
exclude_linter_sep | regex: `[[:space:]]*,[[:space:]]*`
exclusions | (empty)
cache_directory | /root/.cache/R/lintr
comment_token | (lintr-bot comment token for automatic GitHub comments)
error_on_lint | FALSE

Note that the default `encoding` setting depends on the file to be linted. If an Encoding is found in a `.Rproj` file or a `DESCRIPTION` file, that encoding overrides the default of UTF-8.

#### Customizing active linters

If you only want to customize some linters, you can use the helper function `linters_with_defaults()`, which will keep all unnamed linters with the default settings. Disable a linter by passing `NULL`.

For example, to set the line length limit to 120 characters and globally disable the `whitespace_linter()`, you can put this into your `.lintr`:

    linters: linters_with_defaults(
        line_length_linter = line_length_linter(120L),
        whitespace_linter = NULL
      )

By default, the following linters are enabled. Where applicable, the default settings are also shown.

| settings
--- | ---
assignment_linter | operator = c(“<-”, “<<-”), allow_cascading_assign = TRUE, allow_right_assign = FALSE, allow_trailing = TRUE, allow_pipe_assign = FALSE
brace_linter | allow_single_line = FALSE
commas_linter | allow_trailing = FALSE
commented_code_linter |
equals_na_linter |
function_left_parentheses_linter |
indentation_linter | indent = 2L, hanging_indent_style = “tidy”, assignment_as_infix = TRUE
infix_spaces_linter | exclude_operators = NULL, allow_multiple_spaces = TRUE
line_length_linter | length = 80L
object_length_linter | length = 30L
object_name_linter | styles = c(“snake_case”, “symbols”), regexes = character(0)
object_usage_linter | interpret_glue = TRUE, skip_with = TRUE
paren_body_linter |
pipe_continuation_linter |
quotes_linter | delimiter = “"”
return_linter | return_style = “implicit”, allow_implicit_else = TRUE, return_functions = NULL, except = NULL, except_regex = NULL
semicolon_linter | allow_compound = FALSE, allow_trailing = FALSE
seq_linter |
spaces_inside_linter |
spaces_left_parentheses_linter |
T_and_F_symbol_linter |
trailing_blank_lines_linter |
trailing_whitespace_linter | allow_empty_lines = FALSE, allow_in_strings = TRUE
vector_logic_linter |
whitespace_linter |

Another way to customize linters is by specifying tags in `linters_with_tags()`. The available tags are listed below:

    lintr::available_tags(packages = "lintr")
    #>  [1] "best_practices"      "common_mistakes"     "configurable"
    #>  [4] "consistency"         "correctness"         "default"
    #>  [7] "deprecated"          "efficiency"          "executing"
    #> [10] "package_development" "pkg_testthat"        "readability"
    #> [13] "regex"               "robustness"          "style"
    #> [16] "tidy_design"

You can select tags of interest to see which linters are included:

    linters <- lintr::linters_with_tags(tags = c("package_development", "readability"))
    names(linters)
    #>  [1] "backport_linter"                  "boolean_arithmetic_linter"
    #>  [3] "brace_linter"                     "commas_linter"
    #>  [5] "commented_code_linter"            "comparison_negation_linter"
    #>  [7] "conjunct_test_linter"             "consecutive_assertion_linter"
    #>  [9] "consecutive_mutate_linter"        "cyclocomp_linter"
    #> [11] "empty_assignment_linter"          "expect_comparison_linter"
    #> [13] "expect_identical_linter"          "expect_length_linter"
    #> [15] "expect_named_linter"              "expect_not_linter"
    #> [17] "expect_null_linter"               "expect_s3_class_linter"
    #> [19] "expect_s4_class_linter"           "expect_true_false_linter"
    #> [21] "expect_type_linter"               "fixed_regex_linter"
    #> [23] "for_loop_index_linter"            "function_left_parentheses_linter"
    #> [25] "function_return_linter"           "if_not_else_linter"
    #> [27] "if_switch_linter"                 "implicit_assignment_linter"
    #> [29] "indentation_linter"               "infix_spaces_linter"
    #> [31] "inner_combine_linter"             "is_numeric_linter"
    #> [33] "keyword_quote_linter"             "length_levels_linter"
    #> [35] "lengths_linter"                   "library_call_linter"
    #> [37] "line_length_linter"               "matrix_apply_linter"
    #> [39] "nested_ifelse_linter"             "nested_pipe_linter"
    #> [41] "numeric_leading_zero_linter"      "object_length_linter"
    #> [43] "object_overwrite_linter"          "object_usage_linter"
    #> [45] "one_call_pipe_linter"             "outer_negation_linter"
    #> [47] "package_hooks_linter"             "paren_body_linter"
    #> [49] "pipe_call_linter"                 "pipe_consistency_linter"
    #> [51] "pipe_continuation_linter"         "quotes_linter"
    #> [53] "redundant_equals_linter"          "rep_len_linter"
    #> [55] "repeat_linter"                    "sample_int_linter"
    #> [57] "scalar_in_linter"                 "semicolon_linter"
    #> [59] "sort_linter"                      "spaces_inside_linter"
    #> [61] "spaces_left_parentheses_linter"   "stopifnot_all_linter"
    #> [63] "string_boundary_linter"           "system_file_linter"
    #> [65] "T_and_F_symbol_linter"            "unnecessary_concatenation_linter"
    #> [67] "unnecessary_lambda_linter"        "unnecessary_nesting_linter"
    #> [69] "unnecessary_placeholder_linter"   "unreachable_code_linter"
    #> [71] "which_grepl_linter"               "yoda_test_linter"

You can include tag-based linters in the configuration file, and customize them further:

    linters: linters_with_tags(
        tags = c("package_development", "readability"),
        yoda_test_linter = NULL
      )

#### Using all available linters

The default lintr configuration includes only linters relevant to the tidyverse style guide, but there are many other linters available in `{lintr}`. You can see a list of all available linters using

    names(lintr::all_linters())
    #>   [1] "absolute_path_linter"             "any_duplicated_linter"
    #>   [3] "any_is_na_linter"                 "assignment_linter"
    #>   [5] "backport_linter"                  "boolean_arithmetic_linter"
    #>   [7] "brace_linter"                     "class_equals_linter"
    #>   [9] "commas_linter"                    "commented_code_linter"
    #>  [11] "comparison_negation_linter"       "condition_call_linter"
    #>  [13] "condition_message_linter"         "conjunct_test_linter"
    #>  [15] "consecutive_assertion_linter"     "consecutive_mutate_linter"
    #>  [17] "cyclocomp_linter"                 "duplicate_argument_linter"
    #>  [19] "empty_assignment_linter"          "equals_na_linter"
    #>  [21] "expect_comparison_linter"         "expect_identical_linter"
    #>  [23] "expect_length_linter"             "expect_named_linter"
    #>  [25] "expect_not_linter"                "expect_null_linter"
    #>  [27] "expect_s3_class_linter"           "expect_s4_class_linter"
    #>  [29] "expect_true_false_linter"         "expect_type_linter"
    #>  [31] "fixed_regex_linter"               "for_loop_index_linter"
    #>  [33] "function_argument_linter"         "function_left_parentheses_linter"
    #>  [35] "function_return_linter"           "if_not_else_linter"
    #>  [37] "if_switch_linter"                 "ifelse_censor_linter"
    #>  [39] "implicit_assignment_linter"       "implicit_integer_linter"
    #>  [41] "indentation_linter"               "infix_spaces_linter"
    #>  [43] "inner_combine_linter"             "is_numeric_linter"
    #>  [45] "keyword_quote_linter"             "length_levels_linter"
    #>  [47] "length_test_linter"               "lengths_linter"
    #>  [49] "library_call_linter"              "line_length_linter"
    #>  [51] "list_comparison_linter"           "literal_coercion_linter"
    #>  [53] "matrix_apply_linter"              "missing_argument_linter"
    #>  [55] "missing_package_linter"           "namespace_linter"
    #>  [57] "nested_ifelse_linter"             "nested_pipe_linter"
    #>  [59] "nonportable_path_linter"          "nrow_subset_linter"
    #>  [61] "numeric_leading_zero_linter"      "nzchar_linter"
    #>  [63] "object_length_linter"             "object_name_linter"
    #>  [65] "object_overwrite_linter"          "object_usage_linter"
    #>  [67] "one_call_pipe_linter"             "outer_negation_linter"
    #>  [69] "package_hooks_linter"             "paren_body_linter"
    #>  [71] "paste_linter"                     "pipe_call_linter"
    #>  [73] "pipe_consistency_linter"          "pipe_continuation_linter"
    #>  [75] "pipe_return_linter"               "print_linter"
    #>  [77] "quotes_linter"                    "redundant_equals_linter"
    #>  [79] "redundant_ifelse_linter"          "regex_subset_linter"
    #>  [81] "rep_len_linter"                   "repeat_linter"
    #>  [83] "return_linter"                    "routine_registration_linter"
    #>  [85] "sample_int_linter"                "scalar_in_linter"
    #>  [87] "semicolon_linter"                 "seq_linter"
    #>  [89] "sort_linter"                      "spaces_inside_linter"
    #>  [91] "spaces_left_parentheses_linter"   "sprintf_linter"
    #>  [93] "stopifnot_all_linter"             "string_boundary_linter"
    #>  [95] "strings_as_factors_linter"        "system_file_linter"
    #>  [97] "T_and_F_symbol_linter"            "terminal_close_linter"
    #>  [99] "todo_comment_linter"              "trailing_blank_lines_linter"
    #> [101] "trailing_whitespace_linter"       "undesirable_function_linter"
    #> [103] "undesirable_operator_linter"      "unnecessary_concatenation_linter"
    #> [105] "unnecessary_lambda_linter"        "unnecessary_nesting_linter"
    #> [107] "unnecessary_placeholder_linter"   "unreachable_code_linter"
    #> [109] "unused_import_linter"             "vector_logic_linter"
    #> [111] "which_grepl_linter"               "whitespace_linter"
    #> [113] "yoda_test_linter"

If you want to use all available linters, you can include this in your `.lintr` file:

    linters: all_linters()

If you want to use all available linters except a few, you can exclude them using `NULL`:

    linters: all_linters(
        commented_code_linter = NULL,
        implicit_integer_linter = NULL
      )

#### Advanced: programmatic retrieval of linters

For some use cases, it may be useful to specify linters by string instead of by name, i.e. `"assignment_linter"` instead of writing out `assignment_linter()`.

Beware that in such cases, a simple `get()` is not enough:

    library(lintr)
    linter_name <- "assignment_linter"

    show_lint <- function(l) {
      lint_df <- as.data.frame(l)
      print(lint_df[, c("line_number", "message", "linter")])
    }
    hline <- function() cat(strrep("-", getOption("width") - 5L), "\n", sep = "")

    withr::with_tempfile("tmp", {
      writeLines("a = 1", tmp)

      # linter column is just 'get'
      show_lint(lint(tmp, linters = get(linter_name)()))
      hline()

      this_linter <- get(linter_name)()
      attr(this_linter, "name") <- linter_name
      # linter column is 'assignment_linter'
      show_lint(lint(tmp, linters = this_linter))
      hline()

      # more concise alternative for this case: use eval(call(.))
      show_lint(lint(tmp, linters = eval(call(linter_name))))
    })
    #>   line_number                                   message linter
    #> 1           1 Use one of <-, <<- for assignment, not =.    get
    #> ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    #>   line_number                                   message            linter
    #> 1           1 Use one of <-, <<- for assignment, not =. assignment_linter
    #> ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    #>   line_number                                   message            linter
    #> 1           1 Use one of <-, <<- for assignment, not =. assignment_linter

## Exclusions

Sometimes, linters should not be globally disabled. Instead, one might want to exclude some code from linting altogether or selectively disable some linters on some part of the code.

> Note that the preferred way of excluding lints from source code is to use the narrowest possible scope and specify exactly which linters should not throw a lint on a marked line. This prevents accidental suppression of justified lints that happen to be on the same line as a lint that needs to be suppressed.

### Excluding lines of code

Within source files, special comments can be used to exclude single lines of code from linting. All lints produced on the marked line are excluded from the results.

By default, this special comment is `# nolint`:

file.R

    X = 42L # -------------- this comment overflows the default 80 chars line length.

`> lint("file.R")`

    #> <text>:1:1: style: [object_name_linter] Variable and function name style should match snake_case or symbols.
    #> X = 42L # -------------- this comment overflows the default 80 chars line length.
    #> ^
    #> <text>:1:3: style: [assignment_linter] Use one of <-, <<- for assignment, not =.
    #> X = 42L # -------------- this comment overflows the default 80 chars line length.
    #>   ^
    #> <text>:1:81: style: [line_length_linter] Lines should not be more than 80 characters. This line is 81 characters.
    #> X = 42L # -------------- this comment overflows the default 80 chars line length.
    #> ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^

file2.R

    X = 42L # nolint ------ this comment overflows the default 80 chars line length.

`> lint("file2.R")`

    #> ℹ No lints found.

Observe how all lints were suppressed and no output is shown. Sometimes, only a specific linter needs to be excluded. In this case, the name of the linter can be appended to the `# nolint` comment preceded by a colon and terminated by a dot.

### Excluding only some linters

file3.R

    X = 42L # nolint: object_name_linter. this comment overflows the default 80 chars line length.

`> lint("file3.R")`

    #> <text>:1:3: style: [assignment_linter] Use one of <-, <<- for assignment, not =.
    #> X = 42L # nolint: object_name_linter. this comment overflows the default 80 chars line length.
    #>   ^
    #> <text>:1:81: style: [line_length_linter] Lines should not be more than 80 characters. This line is 94 characters.
    #> X = 42L # nolint: object_name_linter. this comment overflows the default 80 chars line length.
    #> ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Observe how only the `object_name_linter` was suppressed. This is preferable to blanket `# nolint` statements because blanket exclusions may accidentally silence a linter that was not intentionally suppressed.

Multiple linters can be specified by listing them with a comma as a separator:

file4.R

    X = 42L # nolint: object_name_linter, line_length_linter. this comment overflows the default 80 chars line length.

`> lint("file4.R")`

    #> <text>:1:3: style: [assignment_linter] Use one of <-, <<- for assignment, not =.
    #> X = 42L # nolint: object_name_linter, line_length_linter. this comment overflows the default 80 chars line length.
    #>   ^

You can also specify the linter names by a unique prefix instead of their full name:

file5.R

    X = 42L # nolint: object_name, line_len. this comment still overflows the default 80 chars line length.

`> lint("file5.R")`

    #> <text>:1:3: style: [assignment_linter] Use one of <-, <<- for assignment, not =.
    #> X = 42L # nolint: object_name, line_len. this comment still overflows the default 80 chars line length.
    #>   ^

### Excluding multiple lines of codes

If any or all linters should be disabled for a contiguous block of code, the `exclude_start` and `exclude_end` patterns can be used. They default to `# nolint start` and `# nolint end` respectively.

`# nolint start` accepts the same syntax as `# nolint` to disable specific linters in the following lines until a `# nolint end` is encountered.

    # x <- 42L
    # print(x)

    #> <text>:1:3: style: [commented_code_linter] Remove commented code.
    #> # x <- 42L
    #>   ^~~~~~~~
    #> <text>:2:3: style: [commented_code_linter] Remove commented code.
    #> # print(x)
    #>   ^~~~~~~~

    # nolint start: commented_code_linter.
    # x <- 42L
    # print(x)
    # nolint end

    #> ℹ No lints found.

(No lints)

### Excluding lines via the config file

Individual lines can also be excluded via the config file by setting the key `exclusions` to a list with elements corresponding to different files. To exclude all lints for line 1 of file `R/bad.R` and `line_length_linter` for lines 4 to 6 of the same file, one can set

    exclusions: list(
        "R/bad.R" = list(
          1, # global exclusions are unnamed
          line_length_linter = 4:6
        )
      )

All paths are interpreted relative to the location of the `.lintr` file.

### Excluding files completely

The linter configuration can also be used to exclude a file entirely, or a linter for a file entirely. Use the sentinel line number `Inf` to mark all lines as excluded within a file. If a file is only given as a character vector, full exclusion is implied.

    exclusions: list(
        # excluded from all lints:
        "R/excluded1.R",
        "R/excluded2.R" = Inf,
        "R/excluded3.R" = list(Inf),
        # excluded from line_length_linter:
        "R/no-line-length.R" = list(
          line_length_linter = Inf
        )
      )

### Excluding directories completely

Entire directories are also recognized when supplied as strings in the `exclusions` key. For example, to exclude the `renv` folder from linting in a R project using `renv`, set

    exclusions: list(
        "renv"
      )

This is particularly useful for projects which include external code in subdirectories.