basement-0.0.16: Foundation scrap box of array & string

License | BSD-style
Maintainer | Vincent Hanquez <vincent@snarc.org>
Stability | experimental
Portability | portable
Safe Haskell | Safe-Inferred
Language | Haskell2010

Basement.Compat.Bifunctor

Description

A bifunctor is a type constructor that takes two type arguments and is a functor in both arguments. That is, unlike with `Functor`, a type constructor such as `Either` does not need to be partially applied for a `Bifunctor` instance, and the methods in this class permit mapping functions over the `Left` value or the `Right` value, or both at the same time.

Formally, the class `Bifunctor` represents a bifunctor from `Hask` -> `Hask`.

Intuitively it is a bifunctor where both the first and second arguments are covariant.

You can define a `Bifunctor` by either defining `bimap` or by defining both `first` and `second`.

Synopsis

- class (forall a. Functor (p a)) => Bifunctor (p :: Type -> Type -> Type) where
  - bimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> p a c -> p b d
  - first :: (a -> b) -> p a c -> p b c
  - second :: (b -> c) -> p a b -> p a c

# Documentation

class (forall a. Functor (p a)) => Bifunctor (p :: Type -> Type -> Type) where #

A bifunctor is a type constructor that takes two type arguments and is a functor in both arguments. That is, unlike with `Functor`, a type constructor such as `Either` does not need to be partially applied for a `Bifunctor` instance, and the methods in this class permit mapping functions over the `Left` value or the `Right` value, or both at the same time.

Formally, the class `Bifunctor` represents a bifunctor from `Hask` -> `Hask`.

Intuitively it is a bifunctor where both the first and second arguments are covariant.

The class definition of a `Bifunctor` `p` uses the QuantifiedConstraints language extension to quantify over the first type argument `a` in its context. The context requires that `p a` must be a `Functor` for all `a`. In other words a partially applied `Bifunctor` must be a `Functor`. This makes `Functor` a superclass of `Bifunctor` such that a function with a `Bifunctor` constraint may use `fmap` in its implementation. `Functor` has been a quantified superclass of `Bifunctor` since base-4.18.0.0.

You can define a `Bifunctor` by either defining `bimap` or by defining both `first` and `second`. The `second` method must agree with `fmap`:

    second ≡ fmap

From this it follows that:

    second id ≡ id

If you supply `bimap`, you should ensure that:

    bimap id id ≡ id

If you supply `first` and `second`, ensure:

    first id ≡ id
    second id ≡ id

If you supply both, you should also ensure:

    bimap f g ≡ first f . second g

These ensure by parametricity:

    bimap  (f . g) (h . i) ≡ bimap f h . bimap g i
    first  (f . g) ≡ first  f . first  g
    second (f . g) ≡ second f . second g

Since: base-4.8.0.0

Minimal complete definition

bimap | first, second

Methods

bimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> p a c -> p b d #

Map over both arguments at the same time.

    bimap f g ≡ first f . second g

#### Examples

Expand

    >>> bimap toUpper (+1) ('j', 3)
    ('J',4)

    >>> bimap toUpper (+1) (Left 'j')
    Left 'J'

    >>> bimap toUpper (+1) (Right 3)
    Right 4

first :: (a -> b) -> p a c -> p b c #

Map covariantly over the first argument.

    first f ≡ bimap f id

#### Examples

Expand

    >>> first toUpper ('j', 3)
    ('J',3)

    >>> first toUpper (Left 'j')
    Left 'J'

second :: (b -> c) -> p a b -> p a c #

Map covariantly over the second argument.

    second ≡ bimap id

#### Examples

Expand

    >>> second (+1) ('j', 3)
    ('j',4)

    >>> second (+1) (Right 3)
    Right 4

#### Instances

Instances details

Bifunctor Arg | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in Data.Semigroup Methods bimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> Arg a c -> Arg b d # first :: (a -> b) -> Arg a c -> Arg b c # second :: (b -> c) -> Arg a b -> Arg a c #
Bifunctor Either | Since: base-4.8.0.0
Instance details Defined in Data.Bifunctor Methods bimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> Either a c -> Either b d # first :: (a -> b) -> Either a c -> Either b c # second :: (b -> c) -> Either a b -> Either a c #

Bifunctor (,)

Class laws for tuples hold only up to laziness. Both `first` `id` and `second` `id` are lazier than `id` (and `fmap` `id`):

    >>> first id (undefined :: (Int, Word)) `seq` ()
    ()
    >>> second id (undefined :: (Int, Word)) `seq` ()
    ()
    >>> id (undefined :: (Int, Word)) `seq` ()
    *** Exception: Prelude.undefined

Since: base-4.8.0.0

Instance details Defined in Data.Bifunctor Methods bimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> (a, c) -> (b, d) # first :: (a -> b) -> (a, c) -> (b, c) # second :: (b -> c) -> (a, b) -> (a, c) #
Bifunctor (Const :: Type -> Type -> Type) | Since: base-4.8.0.0
Instance details Defined in Data.Bifunctor Methods bimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> Const a c -> Const b d # first :: (a -> b) -> Const a c -> Const b c # second :: (b -> c) -> Const a b -> Const a c #
Bifunctor ((,,) x1) | Since: base-4.8.0.0
Instance details Defined in Data.Bifunctor Methods bimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> (x1, a, c) -> (x1, b, d) # first :: (a -> b) -> (x1, a, c) -> (x1, b, c) # second :: (b -> c) -> (x1, a, b) -> (x1, a, c) #
Bifunctor (K1 i :: Type -> Type -> Type) | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in Data.Bifunctor Methods bimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> K1 i a c -> K1 i b d # first :: (a -> b) -> K1 i a c -> K1 i b c # second :: (b -> c) -> K1 i a b -> K1 i a c #
Bifunctor ((,,,) x1 x2) | Since: base-4.8.0.0
Instance details Defined in Data.Bifunctor Methods bimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> (x1, x2, a, c) -> (x1, x2, b, d) # first :: (a -> b) -> (x1, x2, a, c) -> (x1, x2, b, c) # second :: (b -> c) -> (x1, x2, a, b) -> (x1, x2, a, c) #
Bifunctor ((,,,,) x1 x2 x3) | Since: base-4.8.0.0
Instance details Defined in Data.Bifunctor Methods bimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> (x1, x2, x3, a, c) -> (x1, x2, x3, b, d) # first :: (a -> b) -> (x1, x2, x3, a, c) -> (x1, x2, x3, b, c) # second :: (b -> c) -> (x1, x2, x3, a, b) -> (x1, x2, x3, a, c) #
Bifunctor ((,,,,,) x1 x2 x3 x4) | Since: base-4.8.0.0
Instance details Defined in Data.Bifunctor Methods bimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> (x1, x2, x3, x4, a, c) -> (x1, x2, x3, x4, b, d) # first :: (a -> b) -> (x1, x2, x3, x4, a, c) -> (x1, x2, x3, x4, b, c) # second :: (b -> c) -> (x1, x2, x3, x4, a, b) -> (x1, x2, x3, x4, a, c) #
Bifunctor ((,,,,,,) x1 x2 x3 x4 x5) | Since: base-4.8.0.0
Instance details Defined in Data.Bifunctor Methods bimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> (x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, a, c) -> (x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, b, d) # first :: (a -> b) -> (x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, a, c) -> (x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, b, c) # second :: (b -> c) -> (x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, a, b) -> (x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, a, c) #