////
Copyright 2017-2020 Peter Dimov

Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.

See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
////

[#utility]
# Utility Components, <boost/mp11/utility.hpp>
:toc:
:toc-title:
:idprefix:

## mp_identity<T>

    template<class T> struct mp_identity
    {
        using type = T;
    };

`mp_identity` is a simple _transformation type trait_ (as per the C++ standard)
that just returns the same type. It's useful both as such, and as a type wrapper
for passing types as values to functions.

.Using mp_identity as a type trait
```
template<class T> using addp_if_not_ref =
    typename mp_if<std::is_reference<T>, mp_identity<T>, std::add_pointer<T>>::type;
```

.Using mp_identity to protect qualifiers and references
```
template<class T> void print1()
{
    std::cout << typeid(T).name() << std::endl;
}

template<class T> void print2()
{
    std::cout << typeid(mp_identity<T>).name() << std::endl;
}

int main()
{
    print1<int const&>(); // 'int'
    print2<int const&>(); // 'mp_identity<int const &>'
}
```

## mp_identity_t<T>

    template<class T> using mp_identity_t = typename mp_identity<T>::type;

## mp_inherit<T...>

    template<class... T> struct mp_inherit: T... {};

## mp_if_c<C, T, E...>

    template<bool C, class T, class... E> using mp_if_c = /*...*/;

`mp_if_c<true, T, E...>` is an alias for `T`. `mp_if_c<false, T, E>` is an alias for `E`. Otherwise, the result is a substitution failure.

.Using mp_if_c to select between two alternatives
```
using R1 = mp_if_c<true, int, void>;  // int

using R2 = mp_if_c<false, int, void>; // void
```

.Using mp_if_c to fail substitution when a condition is not met
```
template<class I> using void_if_5 = mp_if_c<I::value == 5, void>;
```
This example returns `void` when `I::value` is 5, and generates a substitution failure
otherwise. It's the same as `std::enable_if_t<I::value == 5>` in {cpp}14, or
`typename std::enable_if<I::value == 5>::type` in {cpp}11.

## mp_if<C, T, E...>

    template<class C, class T, class... E> using mp_if =
        mp_if_c<static_cast<bool>(C::value), T, E...>;

Like `mp_if_c`, but the first argument is a type.

.Using mp_if to select between two alternatives
```
using R1 = mp_if<mp_true, int, void>;  // int

using R2 = mp_if<mp_false, int, void>; // void
```

.Using mp_if to fail substitution when a condition is not met
```
template<class T> using void_if_const = mp_if<std::is_const<T>, void>;

template<class... T> using void_if_all_const =
    mp_if<mp_all<std::is_const<T>...>, void>;

template<class T> using if_non_const = mp_if<mp_not<std::is_const<T>>, T>;
```

## mp_eval_if_c<C, T, F, U...>

    template<bool C, class T, template<class...> class F, class... U> using mp_eval_if_c =
        /*...*/;

`mp_eval_if_c<C, T, F, U...>` is an alias for `T` when `C` is `true`, for `F<U...>` otherwise. Its purpose
is to avoid evaluating `F<U...>` when the condition is `true` as it may not be valid in this case.

.Using mp_eval_if_c to select the first pack element, or void
```
template<class... T> using first_or_void =
    mp_eval_if_c<sizeof...(T) == 0, void, mp_first, mp_list<T...>>;
```

## mp_eval_if<C, T, F, U...>

    template<class C, class T, template<class...> class F, class... U> using mp_eval_if =
        mp_eval_if_c<static_cast<bool>(C::value), T, F, U...>;

Like `mp_eval_if_c`, but the first argument is a type.

.Using mp_eval_if to select the first list element, or void
```
template<class L> using first_or_void = mp_eval_if<mp_empty<L>, void, mp_first, L>;
```

## mp_eval_if_q<C, T, Q, U...>

    template<class C, class T, class Q, class... U> using mp_eval_if_q =
        mp_eval_if<C, T, Q::template fn, U...>;

Like `mp_eval_if`, but takes a quoted metafunction.

## mp_eval_if_not<C, T, F, U...>

    template<class C, class T, template<class...> class F, class... U>
        using mp_eval_if_not = mp_eval_if<mp_not<C>, T, F, U...>;

Same as `mp_eval_if`, but the condition is reversed.

## mp_eval_if_not_q<C, T, Q, U...>

    template<class C, class T, class Q, class... U> using mp_eval_if_not_q =
        mp_eval_if_not<C, T, Q::template fn, U...>;

Same as `mp_eval_if_not`, but takes a quoted metafunction.

## mp_valid<F, T...>

    template<template<class...> class F, class... T> using mp_valid = /*...*/;

`mp_valid<F, T...>` is an alias for `mp_true` when `F<T...>` is a valid expression, for `mp_false` otherwise.

.Using mp_valid to write a metafunction that checks for the existence of a nested type
```
template<class T> using get_nested_type = typename T::type;

template<class T> struct has_nested_type: mp_valid<get_nested_type, T> {};
```

## mp_valid_q<Q, T...>

    template<class Q, class... T> using mp_valid_q = mp_valid<Q::template fn, T...>;

Like `mp_valid`, but takes a quoted metafunction.

## mp_eval_or<T, F, U...>

    template<class T, template<class...> class F, class... U> using mp_eval_or =
        mp_eval_if_not<mp_valid<F, U...>, T, F, U...>;

`mp_eval_or<T, F, U...>` is an alias for `F<U...>` when this expression is valid, for `T` otherwise.

.Using mp_eval_or to select the first pack element, or void
```
template<class... T> using first_or_void =
    mp_eval_or<void, mp_first, mp_list<T...>>;
```

## mp_eval_or_q<T, Q, U...>

    template<class T, class Q, class... U> using mp_eval_or_q =
        mp_eval_or<T, Q::template fn, U...>;

Like `mp_eval_or`, but takes a quoted metafunction.

## mp_valid_and_true<F, T...>

    template<template<class...> class F, class... T> using mp_valid_and_true =
        mp_eval_or<mp_false, F, T...>;

`mp_valid_and_true<F, T...>` is an alias for `F<T...>` when this expression is valid, for `mp_false` otherwise.

## mp_valid_and_true_q<Q, T...>

    template<class Q, class... T> using mp_valid_and_true_q =
        mp_valid_and_true<Q::template fn, T...>;

Like `mp_valid_and_true`, but takes a quoted metafunction.

## mp_cond<C, T, R...>

    template<class C, class T, class... R> using mp_cond = /*...*/;

`mp_cond<C, T, R...>` is an alias for `T` when `static_cast<bool>(C::value)` is `true`.
When `static_cast<bool>(C::value)` is `false`, it's an alias for `mp_cond<R...>`.

(If `static_cast<bool>(C::value)` is a substitution failure, the result is too a substitution
failure.)

.Using mp_cond
```
template<int N> using unsigned_ = mp_cond<
    mp_bool<N ==  8>, uint8_t,
    mp_bool<N == 16>, uint16_t,
    mp_bool<N == 32>, uint32_t,
    mp_bool<N == 64>, uint64_t,
    mp_true, unsigned // default case
>;
```

## mp_defer<F, T...>

    template<template<class...> class F, class... T> using mp_defer = /*...*/;

When `mp_valid<F, T...>` is `mp_true`, `mp_defer<F, T...>` is a struct with a nested type `type` which is an alias for `F<T...>`. Otherwise,
`mp_defer<F, T...>` is an empty struct.

## mp_quote<F>

    template<template<class...> class F> struct mp_quote
    {
        template<class... T> using fn = F<T...>;
    };

`mp_quote<F>` transforms the template `F` into a _quoted metafunction_, a type with a nested template `fn` such that `fn<T...>` returns `F<T...>`.

.Using mp_quote to make a list of metafunctions
```
using LQ = mp_list<mp_quote<std::is_const>, mp_quote<std::is_volatile>>;
```

## mp_quote_trait<F>

    template<template<class...> class F> struct mp_quote_trait
    {
        template<class... T> using fn = typename F<T...>::type;
    };

`mp_quote_trait<F>` transforms the C++03-style trait `F` into a quoted metafunction.

.Using mp_quote_trait with std::add_pointer
```
using L1 = mp_list<int, void, float>;
using R1 = mp_transform_q<mp_quote_trait<std::add_pointer>, L1>;
  // mp_list<int*, void*, float*>
```

## mp_invoke_q<Q, T...>

    template<class Q, class... T> using mp_invoke_q = typename Q::template fn<T...>;

`mp_invoke_q<Q, T...>` evaluates the nested template `fn` of a quoted metafunction. `mp_invoke_q<mp_quote<F>, T...>` returns `F<T...>`.

.Using mp_invoke_q to invoke a list of metafunctions, technique 1
```
using LQ = mp_list<mp_quote<std::is_const>, mp_quote<std::is_volatile>>;

template<class T> using is_const_and_volatile =
    mp_apply<mp_all, mp_product<mp_invoke_q, LQ, mp_list<T>>>;
```

.Using mp_invoke_q to invoke a list of metafunctions, technique 2
```
template<class T> using is_const_and_volatile =
    mp_apply<mp_all, mp_transform_q<mp_bind_back<mp_invoke_q, T>, LQ>>;
```

.Using mp_invoke_q to invoke a list of metafunctions, technique 3
```
template<class T> using is_const_and_volatile =
    mp_apply<mp_all, mp_transform<mp_invoke_q, LQ, mp_fill<LQ, T>>>;
```

## mp_not_fn<P>

    template<template<class...> class P> struct mp_not_fn
    {
        template<class... T> using fn = mp_not<P<T...>>;
    };

`mp_not_fn<P>` returns a quoted metafunction `Q` such that `Q::fn<T...>` returns `mp_not<P<T...>>`.

That is, it negates the result of `P`.

## mp_not_fn_q<Q>

    template<class Q> using mp_not_fn_q = mp_not_fn<Q::template fn>;

As `mp_not_fn`, but takes a quoted metafunction.

## mp_compose<F...>

    template<template<class...> class... F> struct mp_compose;

`mp_compose<F1, F2, ..., Fn>` is a quoted metafunction that applies
`F1`, `F2`, ..., `Fn` to its argument, in sequence. That is,
`mp_compose<F1, F2, ..., Fn>::fn<T...>` is `Fn<...F2<F1<T...>>...>`.

## mp_compose_q<Q...>

    template<class... Q> struct mp_compose_q;

As `mp_compose`, but takes quoted metafunctions.
